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in: Good articles, Ceratopsians

Species of Psittacosaurus

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Psittacosaurus all BW

Life reconstructions of eight species of Psittacosaurus, drawn to scale. See close-up images of these species below.

Eighteen species have been assigned to the extinct ceratopsian dinosaur genus Psittacosaurus, although only nine to eleven are considered valid.[1][2] This is the highest number of valid species assigned to any single dinosaur genus (not including birds).[3] By contrast, most dinosaur genera contain only a single species.

As some species are known only from skull material, species of Psittacosaurus are primarily distinguished by features of the skull and teeth. Several species can be recognized by features of the pelvis as well.[4] Overall size estimates of most species have not been published or are unavailable due to lack of fossil preservation. However, measurements of the skull or femur have been published for all well-established species and can be used as a basis for comparison.

Psittacosaurus mongoliensis (type)[]

Psittacosaurus mongoliensis BW

Psittacosaurus mongoliensis.

Psittacosaurus holotype

Holotype of Psittacosaurus mongoliensis, American Museum of Natural History

Psittacosaurus mongoliensis is the type species of the genus, named by American paleontologist Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1923. Remains of this dinosaur were first discovered the year before, on the third American Museum of Natural History expedition to the Gobi Desert of Mongolia, when one of the expedition's drivers found the type specimen (AMNH 6254).[5] This same expedition turned up the remains of many other famous Mongolian dinosaurs, including Protoceratops, Oviraptor, and Velociraptor.[6] Many later expeditions by various combinations of Mongolian, Russian, Chinese, American, Polish, Japanese, and Canadian paleontologists also recovered specimens from throughout Mongolia and northern China. In these areas, Psittacosaurus mongoliensis fossils are found in most sedimentary strata dating to the Aptian to Albian stages of the Early Cretaceous period, or approximately 125 to 100 Mya (million years ago). Fossil remains of over 75 individuals have been recovered, including nearly 20 complete skeletons with skulls.[7] Individuals of all ages are known, from hatchlings less than 13 centimeters (5 in) long, to very old adults reaching nearly 2 meters (6.5 ft) in length.[8]

Skulls of P. mongoliensis are flat on top, especially over the back of the skull, with a triangular depression, the antorbital fossa, on the outside surface of the maxilla (an upper jaw bone). A flange is present on the lower edge of the dentary (the tooth-bearing bone of the lower jaw), although it is not as prominent as in P. meileyingensis or P. major. P. mongoliensis is among the largest known species. The skull of the type specimen, which is probably a juvenile,[9] is 15.2 centimetersm (6 in) long, and the associated femur is 16.2 centimeters (6.4 in) in length.[10] Other specimens are larger, with the largest documented femur measuring about 21 centimeters (8.25 in) long.[11]

Protiguanodon mongoliense[]

When describing Psittacosaurus mongoliensis in 1923, Osborn also gave the name Protiguanodon mongoliense to another skeleton found nearby, believing it to represent an ancestor of the ornithopod Iguanodon.[5] When the skeleton was prepared further, it became clear that it was nearly identical to Psittacosaurus mongoliensis.[10] In 1958, Chinese paleontologist Yang Zhongjian (better known as C.C. Young) renamed the skeleton Psittacosaurus protiguanodonensis.[12] Today the specimen is generally referred to the species Psittacosaurus mongoliensis and the names Protiguanodon mongoliense and Psittacosaurus protiguanodonensis are considered junior synonyms of the name Psittacosaurus mongoliensis, which was created first.[7]

Psittacosaurus protiguanodonensis[]

Psittacosaurus gastroliths

Psittacosaurus mongoliensis specimen AMNH 6254, which was previously referred to as "Protiguanodon" and "Psittacosaurus protiguanodonensis"

See Protiguanodon mongoliense.

Psittacosaurus osborni[]

In 1931, C.C. Young named a new species of Psittacosaurus for a partial skull discovered in Inner Mongolia, China.[13] The skull was named P. osborni after Henry Fairfield Osborn. Paleontologist now consider this specimen to belong to P. mongoliensis, which is found in nearby strata of the same age.[14]

Psittacosaurus tingi[]

Young described the species Psittacosaurus tingi in the same 1931 report which contained P. osborni. It is based on several skull fragments.[13] He later synonymized the two species under the name P. osborni.[12] Both species are now considered to belong to P. mongoliensis.[14]

Psittacosaurus sinensis[]

Psittacosaurus sinensis BW

Psittacosaurus sinensis.

In the 1950s, a new Chinese species of Psittacosaurus was found in the Aptian-Albian Qingshan Formation of Shandong Province, southeast of Beijing. C.C. Young called it Psittacosaurus sinensis to differentiate it from P. mongoliensis, which had originally been found in Mongolia.[12] Fossils of more than twenty individuals have since been recovered, including several complete skulls and skeletons, making this the most well-known species after P. mongoliensis.[7]

P. sinensis is readily distinguished from all other species by numerous features of the skull. Adult skulls are smaller than those of P. mongoliensis and have less teeth. Uniquely, the premaxillary bone contacts the jugal (cheek) bone on the outside of the skull. The jugals flare out sideways, forming 'horns' proportionally wider than in any other known Psittacosaurus species except P. sibiricus and P. lujiatunensis. Because of the flared cheeks, the skull is actually wider than it is long. A smaller 'horn' is present behind the eye, at the contact of the jugal and postorbital bones, a feature also seen in P. sibiricus. The mandible (lower jaw) lacks the hollow opening, or fenestra, seen in other species, and the entire lower jaw is bowed outwards, giving the animal the appearance of an underbite.[1][14] The skull of an adult P. sinensis can reach 11.5 centimeters (4.5 in) in length.[9]

Psittacosaurus youngi[]

Chinese paleontologist Zhao Xijin named a new species after his mentor, C.C. Young, in 1962.[15] However, the type specimen of Psittacosaurus youngi (a partial skeleton and skull) was discovered in the same rocks as P. sinensis and appears to be very similar, so P. youngi is generally considered a junior synonym of that better known species.[14]

Psittacosaurus guyangensis[]

The front half of a skull from Guyang County in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China was described as Psittacosaurus guyangensis in 1983.[16] While it differs from the type specimen of P. mongoliensis, it falls within the range of individual variation seen in other specimens of that species and is no longer recognized as a valid species.[14]

Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis[]

In 1988, Zhao and American paleontologist Paul Sereno described Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis, named after the Xinjiang Autonomous Region in which it was discovered.[17] Several individuals of different ages were discovered in the early 1970s by Chinese paleontologists and described by Sereno and Zhao, although the holotype and most complete skeleton belonged to a juvenile. An adult skeleton was later discovered at a different locality in Xinjiang.[4] These specimens come from the upper part of the Tugulu Group, which is regarded as Aptian-Albian in age.

This species is distinguished by a prominent jugal 'horn' that is flattened on the front end, as well as some features of the teeth. The ilium, one of the three bones of the pelvis, also bears a characteristically long bony process behind the acetabulum (hip socket).[1] An adult femur has a published length of about 16 centimeters (6.3 in).[4]

Psittacosaurus meileyingensis[]

Psittacosaurus meileyingensis BW

Psittacosaurus meileyingensis.

A second species described in 1988 by Sereno and Zhao, along with two Chinese colleagues, was Psittacosaurus meileyingensis from the Jiufotang Formation, near the town of Meileyingzi, Liaoning Province, northeastern China. This species is known from four fossil skulls, one associated with some skeletal material, found in 1973 by Chinese scientists.[18] The age of the Jiufotang in Liaoning is unknown, but in the neighboring province of Inner Mongolia, it has been dated to about 110 Ma, in the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous.[19]

Psittacosaurus meileyingensis

Psittacosaurus meileyingensis fossil

P. meileyingensis has the shortest snout and neck frill of any species, making the skull is nearly circular in profile. The orbit (eye socket) is roughly triangular, and there is a prominent flange on the lower edge of the dentary, a feature also seen in P. major, and to a lesser degree in P. mongoliensis, P. lujiatunensis, P. sattayaraki, and P. sibiricus.[1][2] The complete type skull, probably adult, is 13.7 centimeters (5.5 in) long.[18]

Psittacosaurus sattayaraki[]

French paleontologist Eric Buffetaut and a Thai colleague, Varavudh Suteethorn, described a partial upper and lower jaw from the Aptian-Albian Khok Kruat Formation of Thailand in 1992, giving it the name Psittacosaurus sattayaraki.[20] In 2000, Sereno questioned the validity of this species, citing its eroded and fragmentary nature, and noted an absence of features characteristic of the genus Psittacosaurus.[21] However, in 2002 the original authors published new images of the fossil which seem to show teeth in the lower jaw that exhibit the bulbous vertical ridge characteristic of psittacosaurs.[22] Other authors have also defended its validity,[2] while some continue to regard it dubiously.[1][7]

The dentary of P. sattayaraki has a flange similar to that found in P. mongoliensis, P. sibiricus, P. major, P. lujiatunensis and P. meileyingensis, although it is less pronounced than in those species. The material appears to be roughly the same size as P. sinensis.[20] If this species is valid, it is by far the southernmost species in the genus.

Psittacosaurus neimongoliensis[]

Psittacosaurus neimongoliensis BW

Psittacosaurus neimongoliensis.

Two new species of Psittacosaurus were described by Canadian Dale Russell and Zhao in 1996. The first was named Psittacosaurus neimongoliensis, after the Mandarin Chinese name for Inner Mongolia. It is based on a nearly complete fossil skeleton, including most of the skull, found in the Early Cretaceous Ejinhoro Formation with seven other individuals.[9]

The frontal bone of P. neimongoliensis is distinctly narrow compared to that of other species, resulting in a narrower skull overall. The ischium bone of the pelvis is also longer than the femur, which differs from other species in which these bones are known.[1] The type specimen has a skull length of 13.2 centimeters (5.2 in) and a femoral length of 13 centimeters (5.1 in), but is not fully grown. An adult P. neimongoliensis was probably smaller than P. mongoliensis, with a proportionately longer skull and tail.[9]

Psittacosaurus ordosensis[]

Psittacosaurus ordosensis BW

Psittacosaurus ordosensis.

Russell and Zhao also named Psittacosaurus ordosensis in 1996, after the Ordos prefecture of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The type specimen is a nearly complete skeleton, including part of the skull. However, only the skull, lower jaw, and foot have been described. Three other specimens were referred to this species but remain undescribed. Like P. neimongoliensis, this species was discovered in the Eijnhoro Formation.[9]

P. ordosensis can be distinguished by numerous features of the jugals, which have very prominent 'horns.'[1] It is also the smallest known species. One adult skull measures only 9.5 centimeters (3.75 in) in length.[9]

Psittacosaurus mazongshanensis[]

Xu Xing, another Chinese paleontologist, named a new species of Psittacosaurus in 1997, based on a complete skull with associated vertebrae and a forelimb. This material was recovered in Gansu Province, near the border with Inner Mongolia. This species is named Psittacosaurus mazongshanensis after the nearby mountain called Mazongshan (Horse Mane Mountain) and has been described in a preliminary manner.[23] Unfortunately, the skull was damaged while in the care of the Chinese Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), and several fragments have been lost, including all the teeth.[24] The remains were found in the Lower Xinminbao Formation, which have not been precisely dated, although there is some evidence that they were deposited in the late Barremian through Aptian stages[25]

Sereno suggested in 2000 that P. mazongshanensis was a nomen dubium, with no unique features that separate it from any other species of Psittacosaurus.[21] However, more recent authors have noted that it can be distinguished by its proportionally long snout compared to other species of Psittacosaurus, as well as a prominent bony protuberance, pointing outwards and downwards, on the maxilla of the upper jaw.[2] Other features originally used to distinguish the species have been recognized as the results of the deformation of the skull after fossilization.[24]

Psittacosaurus sibiricus[]

Psittacosaurus sibiricus BW

Psittacosaurus sibiricus.

Beginning in the 1950s, Russian paleontologists began excavating Psittacosaurus remains at a locality near the village of Shestakovo in the oblast of Kemerovo in Siberia. Two other nearby localities were explored in the 1990s, one of which produced several complete skeletons. This species was named Psittacosaurus sibiricus in 2000 in a scientific paper written by five Russian paleontologists, but credit for the name is officially given to two of those authors, Alexei Voronkevich and Alexander Averianov.[26] The remains were not completely described until 2006. Two nearly complete, articulated skeletons and a variety of disarticulated material from other individuals of all ages are known from the Ilek Formation of Siberia, which ranges from the Aptian to Albian stages of the Early Cretaceous.[2]

P. sibiricus is the largest known species of Psittacosaurus. The skull of the type specimen is 20.7 centimeters long (8.25 in), and the femur is 22.3 cm (8.75 in) in length. It is also distinguished by its neck frill, which is longer than any other species, at 15 to 18% of skull length. A very striking feature of P. sibiricus is the number of 'horns' around the eyes, with three prominences on each postorbital, and one in front of each eye, on the palpebral bones. Similar horns found on the postorbital of P. sinensis are not as pronounced but may be homologous. The jugal has extremely prominent 'horns' and may contact the premaxilla, both features also seen in the possibly related P. sinensis. There is a flange on the dentary of the lower jaw, similar to P. mongoliensis, P. meileyingensis, and P. sattayaraki. It can be told apart from the other species of Psittacosaurus by its combination of 32 anatomical features, including six that are unique to the species. Most of these are skull details, but one unusual feature is the presence of 23 vertebrae between the skull and pelvis, unlike the 21 or 22 in the other species where the vertebrae are known.[2]

Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis[]

Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis BW

Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis.

Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis, named in 2006 by Chinese paleontologist Zhou Chang-Fu and 3 Chinese colleagues, is one of the oldest known species, based on four skulls from the lower beds of Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, near the village of Lujiatun.[24] This bed has been dated differently by different authors, from 128 Ma in the Barremian stage,[27] to 125 Ma in the earliest Aptian.[28]P. lujiatunensis was contemporaneous with another psittacosaurid genus, Hongshanosaurus, which was found in the same beds.[29]

The type skull of P. lujiatunensis measures 19 cm (7.5 in) in length, while the largest known skull is 20.5 centimeters (8 in) long, so this species was similar in size to P. mongoliensis and P. sibiricus. There is a fossa in front of the eye, as in P. mongoliensis. The jugal bones flare outwards widely, making the skull wider than it is long, as seen in P. sinensis. Widely flared jugals are also found in P. sibiricus and P. major. P. lujiatunensis lacks the postorbital horns seen in P. sinensis or P. major. Overall, this species is thought to exhibit several primitive characteristics compared to other species of Psittacosaurus, which is consistent with its greater geological age.[24]

Psittacosaurus major[]

Psittacosaurus major BW

Psittacosaurus major.

Psittacosaurus major is from the lower beds of the Yixian Formation near Beipiao City in Liaoning Province. P. major, named for the large size of its skull, was described by Sereno, Zhao and two colleagues in 2007. Known from a nearly complete skeleton with a skull, it appears to be about the same age as P. lujiatunensis.[30]

P. major is characterized by a proportionately large skull, which was 39% of the length of its torso, compared to 30% in P. mongoliensis. The type skull measures 20.3 centimeters (8 in), longer than the 19.7 centimeter (7.75 in) femur. These bones are larger than the type of P. mongoliensis but within the size range seen in that species. In addition to its large size, the skull is characterized by an extremely narrow snout and jugal 'horns' which are longer than in any species except P. sinensis, P. lujiatunensis and P. xinjiangensis. The 'horns' are angled slightly downwards instead of directly outwards as seen in those species. The flange on the dentary resembles that of P. meileyingensis but is even more prominent.[30]

Psittacosaurus gobiensis[]

Wiki This section requires expansion.

The most recently described species is Psittacosaurus gobiensis from Inner Mongolia. P. gobiensis, named for the region it was found in 2001, is a small-bodied (1 meter (3.3 ft)) was described by Sereno, Zhao and Lin in 2009. This species has large, laterally-pointing jugal horns that are textured in such a way as to suggest a large keratinous covering. The jugal horns of P. gobiensis gently curve downward along their length, unlike the straight jugal horns of P. sibiricus and P. major.[31]

Unassigned specimens[]

Many other specimens either cannot be determined to belong to any particular species, or have not yet been assigned to one. These specimens are generally all referred to as Psittacosaurus sp., although it is not assumed that they belong to the same species.[7]

More than 200 specimens of Psittacosaurus have been found in the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, which is famous for its fossils of feathered dinosaurs. The vast majority of these have not been assigned to any published species, although many are very well-preserved and some have already been partially described.[32][33][34]

Nearly 100 Psittacosaurus skeletons were excavated in Mongolia during the summers of 2005 and 2006 by a team led by Mongolian paleontologist Bolortsetseg Minjin and American Jack Horner from the Museum of the Rockies in Montana. Although only P. mongoliensis has been described from Mongolia so far, these specimens are still in preparation and have not yet been assigned to a species.[35]

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Xu Xing & Zhao Xijin. (1999). Psittacosaur fossils and their stratigraphical implications. In: Wang Y. & Deng T. (Eds.). Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Chinese Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Beijing: China Ocean Press. Pp. 75–80.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Averianov, Alexander O., Voronkevich, Alexei V., Leshchinskiy, Sergei V. & Fayngertz, Alexei V. (2006). A ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of West Siberia, Russia and its phylogenetic relationships. Journal of Systematic Paleontology 4(4): 359-395. doi 10.1017/S1477201906001933
  3. ^ Sereno, Paul C. (1997). Psittacosauridae. In: Currie, Phil J. & Padian, Kevin P. (Eds.). The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 611-613.
  4. ^ a b c Brinkman, Donald B., Eberth, David A., Ryan, M.J. & Chen Peiji. (2001). The occurrence of Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis Sereno and Chao, 1988 in the Urho area, Junggar basin, Xinjiang. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38: 1781-1786.
  5. ^ a b Osborn, Henry F. (1923). Two Lower Cretaceous dinosaurs of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 95: 1-10.
  6. ^ Osborn, Henry F. (1924). Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops zone, Central Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 144: 1-12.
  7. ^ a b c d e You Hailu & Dodson, Peter. (2004). Basal Ceratopsia. In: Weishampel, David B., Dodson, Peter, & Osmólska, Halszka. (Eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd Edition). Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 478-493.
  8. ^ Coombs, Walter P. (1982). Juvenile specimens of the ornithischian dinosaur Psittacosaurus. Palaeontology 25: 89-107.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Russell, Dale A. & Zhao Xijin. (1996). New psittacosaur occurrences in Inner Mongolia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33: 637-648.
  10. ^ a b Osborn, Henry F. (1924). Psittacosaurus and Protiguanodon: Two Lower Cretaceous iguanodonts from Mongolia. American Museum Novitates. 127: 1-16.
  11. ^ Erickson, Gregory M. & Tumanova, Tatyana A. (2000). Growth curve of Psittacosaurus mongoliensis Osborn (Ceratopsia: Psittacosauridae) inferred from long bone histology. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 130: 551–566.
  12. ^ a b c Young C.C. (1958). The dinosaur remains of Laiyang, Shantung. Palaeontologia Sinica Series C 16: 53-159.
  13. ^ a b Young C.C. (1931). On some new dinosaurs from western Suiyuan, Inner Mongolia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China 11: 259-266.
  14. ^ a b c d e Sereno, Paul C. (1990). New data on parrot-beaked dinosaurs (Psittacosaurus). In: Carpenter, Ken & Currie, Philip J. (Eds.). Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 203–210.
  15. ^ Zhao Xijin. (1962). [Concerning a new species of Psittacosaurus from Laiyang, Shantung.] Vertebrata PalAsiatica 6: 349-360. [in Chinese]
  16. ^ Cheng Zhengwu. (1983). [Reptilia.] In: [The Mesozoic Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Guyang Coal-bearing Basin, Nei Monggol Autonomous Region, China.] Beijing: Geology Press. Pp. 123–136. [in Chinese]
  17. ^ Sereno, Paul C. & Zhao Xijin. (1988). Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis (Ornithischia: Ceratopsia), a new psittacosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of northwestern China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8: 353-365.
  18. ^ a b Sereno, Paul C., Zhao Xijin, Chang Zhengwu, & Rao Chenggang. (1988). Psittacosaurus meileyingensis (Ornithischia: Ceratopsia), a new psittacosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8: 366-377.
  19. ^ Eberth, David A., Russell, Dale A., Braman, D.R. & Deino, A.L. (1993). The age of the dinosaur-bearing sediments at Tebch, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 30: 2101–2106.
  20. ^ a b Buffetaut, Eric & Suteethorn, Varavudh. (1992). A new species of the ornithischian dinosaur Psittacosaurus from the Early Cretaceous of Thailand. Palaeontology 35: 801-812.
  21. ^ a b Sereno, Paul C. (2000). The fossil record, systematics and evolution of pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians from Asia. In: Benton, Michael J., Shishkin, Mikhail A., Unwin, David M. & Kurochkin, Evgeny N. (Eds.). The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 480-516.
  22. ^ Buffetaut, E. & Suteethorn, V. 2002. Remarks on Psittacosaurus sattayaraki Buffetaut & Suteethorn, 1992, a ceratopsian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Oryctos 4: 71-73.
  23. ^ Xu Xing. (1997). A new psittacosaur (Psittacosaurus mazongshanensis sp. nov.) from Mazongshan area, Gansu Province, China. In: Dong Z. (Ed.). Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. Beijing: China Ocean Press. Pp. 48–67.
  24. ^ a b c d Zhou Changfu, Gao Keqin, Fox, Richard C. & Chen Shuihua. (2006). A new species of Psittacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation, Liaoning, China. Palaeoworld 15: 100-114.
  25. ^ Tang F., Luo Z., Zhou Z., You H., Georgi, J.A., Tang Z. & Wang X. (2001). Biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of the dinosaur-bearing sediments in Lower Cretaceous of Mazongshan area, Gansu Province, China. Cretaceous Research 22: 115–129.
  26. ^ Leshchinskiy, Sergei V., Fayngertz, Alexei V., Voronkevich, Alexei V., Maschenko, E.N. & Averianov, Alexander O. (2000). Preliminary results of the investigation of the Shestakovo localities of Early Cretaceous vertebrates. In: Komarov, A.V. (Ed.). Materials of the Regional Conference of the Geologists of Siberia, Far East and North East of Russia. Tomsk: GalaPress. Pp. 363–366. [In Russian]
  27. ^ Wang S, Hu H, Li P & Wang Y. (2001). Further discussion on the geologic age of Sihetun vertebrate assemblage in western Liaoning, China: evidence from Ar-Ar dating. Acta Petrologica Sinica 17: 663–668.
  28. ^ Yang Wei, Li Shuguang & Jiang Baoyu. (2007). New evidence for Cretaceous age of the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning: zircon U-Pb SHRIMP dating of the Yixian Formation in Sihetun, northeast China. Cretaceous Research. doi 10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.011
  29. ^ You Hailu & Xu Xing. (2005). An adult specimen of Hongshanosaurus houi (Dinosauria: Psittacosauridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Western Liaoning Province, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 79(2): 198-173.
  30. ^ a b Sereno, Paul C, Zhao Xijin, Brown, Loren & Tan Lin. (2007). New psittacosaurid highlights skull enlargement in horned dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52(2): 275-284.
  31. ^ Sereno1, Paul C., Zhao Xijin, Tan Lin. (2009). A new psittacosaur from Inner Mongolia and the parrot-like structure and function of the psittacosaur skull. Proc. R. Soc. B. Published online June 17, 2009
  32. ^ Mayr, Gerald, Peters, D. Stephan, Plodowski, Gerhard & Vogel, Olaf. (2002). Bristle-like integumentary structures at the tail of the horned dinosaur Psittacosaurus. Naturwissenschaften 89: 361–365.
  33. ^ Meng Qingjin, Liu Jinyuan, Varrichio, David J., Huang, Timothy & Gao Chunling. (2004). Parental care in an ornithischian dinosaur. Nature 431: 145-146.
  34. ^ Lü Junchang, Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu, Lee Yuong-Nam & Ji Qiang. (2007). A new Psittacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) specimen from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China: the first pathological psittacosaurid. Cretaceous Research. doi|10.1016/j.cretres.2006.08.005 [published online]
  35. ^ "MSU, Mongolian paleontologists find 67 dinosaurs in one week" by Evelyn Boswell. Montana State University News Service. 13 September 2006. Accessed 5 May 2007.


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